Chilean chemical solutions firm Sinquiver is looking into marketing urine separation systems in Chile, the firm’s wastewater manager Alistair Marsh told BNamericas.

There are several advantages to the system, according to Marsh. “First of all, you don’t need freshwater to flush urine so you save on water use and costs,” he said.

The concept involves installing a different pipeline which would channel the urine to be stored in a tank. “Urine is a huge source of nitrogen and phosphate which could then be used for the production of fertilizer,” Marsh said.

“This kind of system would be especially useful in mining operations which involve a large number of people,” said Marsh, adding: “It would save water while simultaneously providing a source of fertilizer for local farmers.”

An additional benefit is that by taking the urine out of sewage, wastewater is easier to treat.

Urine accounts for less than 1% of wastewater but it contains about 80% of the nitrogen, 50% of the phosphate and 70% of the potassium, all of which must be removed. Nutrient removal is the most difficult aspect of wastewater treatment. By separating the urine at source, studies have shown energy savings of 25% at wastewater treatment plants.

“We are looking to offer urine-separating toilets to municipalities and companies that employ a large number of people such as malls and hotels, among others,” Marsh said.

“Wastewater treatment is still very new in Latin America but there is a great need for it and that is where we come in,” said Marsh, adding: “Sinquiver is looking for the best technology and solutions to introduce into the local market.”

In addition to wastewater treatment, the company provides solutions for the wood and paper industry, and sells industrial equipment.

Source: Greta Bourke, BNamericas.com [subscription site], 19 Nov 2009

The first chlorination system designed for cities in poor countries is now operating in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, announced Andrew Weiss of the Washington, D.C.-based NGO International Action at the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) meeting in New York last week. “It’s a great success,” said Weiss.

“Installed on 150 public water tanks in Haiti’s capital city, our chlorination system in supplying 400,000 residents with clean, safe water. This is the first time Haitians have had access to clean water for cooking and drinking,” commented Weiss, a board member of the group which installed the chlorinators.

Andrew Weiss received a certificate of recognition for International Action from former President Bill Clinton at the CGI meeting on September 25, 2009.

Plumbers, Joanes Bastin and Emillio Bastien, hold up a pair of chlorine tablet feeders. Photo: International Action

Weiss described the clean water system as a two-foot tube holding 20 tablets of chlorine through which water passes into a neighborhood water tank. Simple test kits allow the local operator to measure how much chlorine is dissolved and to regulate the flow.

“This is a neighborhood system,” said Andrew Weiss, “simple enough to be run by local groups and sophisticated enough to clean the water for 10,000 users. A twice-larger version of the chlorinator can make water safe for 50,000 people. We have several of the larger chlorinators operating in Port-au-Prince and more than 100 of the smaller ones.”

“International Action hopes to distribute this clean water system to cities in Asia, Africa and Latin America,” said Weiss. “Currently, no one else has a system to treat urban neighborhood water tanks in poor countries, and our system is designed for this purpose.

“The tablet chlorinators will become a major breakthrough technology in public health,” predicted Weiss. “Waterborne diseases – cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, and chronic diarrhea – are the major cause of infant and child mortality today. Our chlorine kills these disease germs in water,” he stated.

Website: www.HaitiWater.org

Video showing how the International Action chlorinator works

Source: International Action, PRNewswire / Pacific Business News, 02 Oct 2009

Rory Cellan-Jones, who blogs on technology for the BBC, travels to Mombassa, Kenya to see how a local NGO is using broadband Internet to bring water pumps to farmers. Here are excerpts from his blog entry of 15 September 2009.

The Super MoneyMaker Pump. Photo: KickStart

“My guide was Martin Rogena, a Kenyan working for an organisation called KickStart, which supplies irrigation pumps to farmers across East Africa. Martin is also a big believer in the power of the internet to transform countries like Kenya”.

“We set off [to] a poor suburb of Mombasa [where every shop] seemed to be selling mobile phones or offering to recharge them – and every few yards there was a stand selling fresh water at around 20p a litre”.

“Martin explained that Kickstart was a charity but it didn’t give away the “Moneymaker” pumps it supplies [but was charging] around £50 for a portable pump – far short of the cost of making and supplying them – and they are now in use right across drought-stricken areas of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda”.

“[At a] little settlement [...] about 10 miles from the beach where the Seacom cable bringing broadband to the region comes ashore, [Cellan-Jones met a group of] farmers who [...] had clubbed together to buy a pump. [The farmers supported around 20 people by growing tomatoes,] maize and some other vegetables”.

“These people had very little [and there was no electricity] but nearly all of them had mobile phones. [...] The farmers explained that the phones [...] had made them feel much more connected to the rest of Kenya”.

Martin Rogena of Kickstart on broadband. Photo: BBC

“Outside one of the huts, Martin Rogena got out his laptop, plugged in a broadband dongle [broadband wireless USB adaptor], and went online at a reasonable speed – he was picking up the signal from the nearby mast, which is in turn linked to the fibre-optic cable at the coast. But why, I asked, did a faster internet connection matter to a charity which was trying to alleviate the impact of drought?”.

“He explained that Kickstart collects data from every pump it supplies across the region, sending staff armed with laptops to talk to the farmers and make sure they are getting the right results. From its Nairobi office, It also needs to communicate with donors around the world and with its branch office in Tanzania”.

“The charity is already finding that faster broadband is making communication easier – and is cutting costs, though perhaps not to quite the extent that has been promised”.

“The farmers had never been on the internet – but they too were excited about what it might mean for them. “It will help us find information to help us improve the way we farm.” said one. “We will use it for marketing our crops to other countries outside Kenya,” said another”.

“We headed back into Mombasa, past lines of women carrying water containers on their heads. This country is short of lots of things – water, electricity, books for schools. But there is a great thirst for better connectivity – and who are we to say that they’ve got their priorities wrong?”.

Source: Rory Cellan-Jones, BBC dot.life, 15 Sep 2009

Uganda has been selected as the only country in Africa to pilot a project that provides cheap and pure drinking water to schools and clinics in rural Uganda. Appropriate Technology (AT) Uganda, together with Enterprise Works/ VITA, with funding from the Diageo Foundation’s Giving for Good programme, has introduced CrystalPur ceramic water filters. The filters remove bacteria and parasites from contaminated water, thus preventing water-borne-diseases.

“The gadget does not need electricity or chemicals and has no effect on the taste of water,” says Michael Oketcho, the project manager. Oketcho explains that Uganda was selected because of its high usage of open surface water.

“Most rural people use water from lakes, rivers, wells, rain water and swamps, while in urban areas, 95% of the wells and springs contain faecal matter,” says Oketcho.

The gadget filters between four and six litres of water per hour. It is suitable for schools, households, hotels, health centres, camping teams, and disaster and emergency hit areas. It weighs less than 500g and can filter up to 7,000 litres of water (350 jerrycans) before the filter is replaced. For less than the cost of one bag of charcoal, CrystalPur fllters can deliver 7,000 litres of safe drinking water.

The filter has been tested and approved by the Uganda National Bureau of Standards.

Diageo Foundation has donated 3,500 units which have been distributed in over 150 primary and secondary schools in Kampala and Wakiso districts. The water filter programme started in October 2008 and will end in October 2009.

Source: Patrick Jaramogi, New Vision, 8 Sep 2009

CrystalPur filter. Diageo/EnterpriseWorks/VIA

WaterSanitationHygiene.org hosts technical resources – 873 at the moment – on water supply and sanitation ranging from well construction, school hygiene promotion, water treatment, water quality testing, emergency sanitation, water saving toilets, hand pumps, to centrifugal pumps. The database links to the publicly available documents from sector organisations like WSP, WEDC and WaterAid, on the originating website.

The web site also hosts a forum on topics as diverse as climate change, diarrhoeal disease transmission, reverse osmosis, ecosan, rainwater harvesting and geophysics. Vacancies and events are posted as well. Nearly 300 members have registered so far.

The site does not mentioned who is running it and how it is being maintained.

Research scientists at the Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB in Stuttgart working in conjunction with their colleagues from the company Logos Innovationen have found a way of converting air humidity autonomously and decentrally into drinkable water. “The process we have developed is based exclusively on renewable energy sources such as thermal solar collectors and photovoltaic cells, which makes this method completely energy-autonomous. It will therefore function in regions where there is no electrical infrastructure,” says Siegfried Egner, head of department at the IGB.

Drinking water from air humidity. Image: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft

The principle of the process is as follows: hygroscopic brine – saline solution which absorbs moisture – runs down a tower-shaped unit and absorbs water from the air. It is then sucked into a tank a few meters off the ground in which a vacuum prevails. Energy from solar collectors heats up the brine, which is diluted by the water it has absorbed.

Because of the vacuum, the boiling point of the liquid is lower than it would be under normal atmospheric pressure. This effect is known from the mountains: as the atmospheric pressure there is lower than in the valley, water boils at temperatures distinctly below 100 degrees Celsius.

The evaporated, non-saline water is condensed and runs down through a completely filled tube in a controlled manner. The gravity of this water column continuously produces the vacuum and so a vacuum pump is not needed. The reconcentrated brine runs down the tower surface again to absorb moisture from the air.

“The concept is suitable for various sizes of installation. Single-person units and plants supplying water to entire hotels are conceivable,” says Egner. Prototypes have been built for both system components – air moisture absorption and vacuum evaporation – and the research scientists have already tested their interplay on a laboratory scale. In a further step the researchers intend to develop a demonstration facility.

Source: Fraunhofer, June 2009

For an overview of Atmospheric Water Generators (AWG) see the Wikipedia entry on this technology.

Most AWGs seem to be commercial systems sold in developed countries, although WaterMaker (India) Pvt. has installed an AWG system in the Indian village of Jalimudi.

A different technology to collect water from the air is fog collection, which has been widely used in developing countries in coastal areas in Latin America (Chile, Ecuador, Peru) and Southern Africa, and in mountainous areas such as Nepal. See the entry and links in the Akvopedia item on fog collection.

Scientists have shown that using mud from waste water treatment plants as a partial alternative fuel can enable cement factories to reduce their CO2 emissions and comply with the Kyoto Protocol, as well as posing no risk to human health and being profitable. These are the results of an environmental impact assessment.

Dependency on oil and coal could be coming to an end. Researchers from the Rovira i Virgili University (URV) have analysed the environmental and human health impacts of an alternative fuel that solves various problems simultaneously. This is the solid waste from the water treatment plants of large cities.

The scientists have carried out the first study into this method at a cement plant in Vallcarca (Catalonia), which has been producing cement for more than 100 years, and they confirm in the latest issue of the journal Environmental Science and Pollution Research that it is “the best option for getting rid of mud that would have had to be dumped elsewhere, while also powering the plant”.

[...] Up to 20% of the fossil fuel energy used at the Catalan plant has now been substituted for the fuel from waste water treatment plant mud.

One of the most important issues for the URV scientists is the reduction in environmental impact, and consequently the health risks for people living near the plants. The experiment with the mud has led to a 140,000 tonne reduction in CO2 emissions between 2003 and 2006, and will have limited the potential deaths from exposure to chemical pollutants. In addition, the study shows that using this green fuel would reduce the cancer rate by 4.56 per million inhabitants.

The researchers say it is essential to carry out separate studies for each plant because “we still don’t know whether this will be positive for the whole cement industry”, according to Domingo. However, if the conditions are right, using mud from waste water treatment plants in cement factories is “a very good solution”, he concludes

Source: Plataforma SINC, ScienceDaily, 23 Jun 2009

PWN, the water supply utility for North Holland, The Netherlands, launched PWN Technologies, a new international company for the commercial exploitation of their expertise and advanced water treatment solution designs. PWN has provided technology and services across Europe, as well as in Asia, Africa and the Americas, also providing emergency water services following catastrophes like the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

Specifically for developing countries, PWN Technologies has developed the Perfector series of water treatment solutions to produce drinking from surface water through coagulation, flocculation, separation, filtration and disinfection. Perfector units have been installed in Indonesia and Viet Nam.

The Perfector-R is a water treatment plant for the production of drinking water for communities of 50,000
to 250,000 people, and overall net production capacities of 60, 120 or 240 l/s. The modular design consists of:

• raw water intake on floating pontoons, process units, chemicals preparation and dosing systems, clear water reservoirs, distribution pumping station, electrical infrastructure and various other facilities such as emergency generator, laboratory, offices, work shop, etc.
• optional waste water storage and pumping

The Perfector-P is a purification installation with a production capacity of 10 l/sec.

Source: PWN Technologies, 21 Jun 2009

Pefector-R. PWN Technologies

The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has produced a multimedia-based learning package “Slow sand filtration: creating clean, safe water” in English and Japanese, consisting of a video and reference materials. There are examples of the use of slow sand filtration technology in Japan and in a project in Sierra Leone.

Read more

WaterAid has produced a new poster resource that rates different water supply technology options in relation to their relative capital cost, operational cost, water quantity supplied and water quality supplied.

The poster also provides information on the situations in which certain water supply technologies are most applicable.

Levels of appropriateness are colour coded based on different combinations of the above variables.

The resource can be printed as a poster on A4, A3 or A2. You can download it here:

Water source options – a comparison ( PDF 93KB)